| %DS | percent diameter stenosis |
| %FS | percent fractional shortening |
| 2-VD | two-vessel disease |
| 2DE | two dimensional echocardiography |
| 3-VD | three-vessel disease |
| 3DE | three-dimensional echocardiography |
| A | peak left ventricular filling velocity at atrial contraction |
| AA | abdominal aorta |
| AA | aortic atresia |
| AA | atrial appendage |
| AAA | abdominal aortic aneurysm |
| AAo | ascending aorta |
| ACE | angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ACEI | ACE inhibitor |
| ACh | acetylcholine |
| AD | analog-to-digital |
| AERP | atrial effective refractory period |
| AF | atrial fibrillation |
| AF | atrial flutter |
| AFF | atrial filling fraction |
| AH | apical hypertrophy |
| AI | aortic insufficiency |
| AMI | acute myocardial infarction |
| AML | anterior mitral leaflet |
| ANP | atrial natriuretic peptide |
| Ao | aorta |
| AP | action potential |
| AP | angina pectoris |
| AP | aortopulmonary |
| APC | atrial premature complex |
| APC | atrial premature contraction |
| APW | aortopulmonary window |
| AR | aortic regurgitation |
| AS | aortic stenosis |
| ASD | atrial septal defect |
| ASH | asymmetrical septal hypertrophy |
| AT | atrial tachycardia |
| AV | arteriovenous |
| AV | atrioventricular |
| AVA | aortic valve area |
| AVB | atrioventricular block |
| AVC | atrioventricular canal |
| AVC | AV canal |
| AVJRT | atrioventricular junctional reentrant tachycardia |
| AVN | atrioventricular node |
| AVN | AV node |
| AVNRT | atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia |
| AVNRT | AV nodal reentrant tachycardia |
| AVP | aortic valve plasty |
| AVR | aortic valve replacement |
| AVRT | atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia |
| BCL | basic cycle length |
| BDA | balloon dilation angioplasty |
| BM | basement membrane |
| BMI | body mass index |
| BP | blood pressure |
| bpm | beats per minute |
| BPV | balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty |
| BS | Bjork-Shiley |
| BSA | body surface area |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| BW | body weight |
| CA | common atrium |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| CAG | coronary angiogram |
| cAMP | cyclic AMP |
| Cath | catheterization |
| CAVB | complete atrioventricular block |
| CAVC | common atrioventricular canal |
| CCA | common carotid artery |
| CCr | creatinine clearance |
| CCU | coronary care unit |
| CCW | counterclockwise rotation |
| CF | coronary flow |
| CFR | coronary flow reserve |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| CI | cardiac index |
| CI | coupling interval |
| CK | creatine kinase |
| CKMB | creatine kinase-MB |
| CL | cycle length |
| CMV | cytomegalovirus |
| CO | carbon monoxide |
| CO | cardiac output |
| CO2 | carbon dioxide |
| COLD | chronic obstructive lung disease |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| CP | cold pressor test |
| CPB | cardiopulmonary bypass |
| CPK | creatine phosphokinase |
| CRBBB | complete right bundle branch block |
| CRP | C-Reactive protein |
| CS | coronary sinus |
| CSA | cross-sectional area |
| CT | computed tomography |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| CVP | central venous pressure |
| Cx | circumflex artery |
| DBP | diastolic blood pressure |
| DCM | dilated cardiomyopathy |
| DCM | idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy |
| DDD | dual chamber sensing and pacing mode |
| DF | defibrillation |
| DILV | double-inlet left ventricle |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| DM | myotonic dystrophy |
| DOMV | double-orifice mitral valve |
| DORV | double-outlet right ventricle |
| DP | double product |
| DT | deceleration time |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis |
| E | peak early diastolic left ventricular filling velocity |
| E/A | peak early diastolic LV filling velocity/peak atrial filling velocity ratio |
| E/A | ratio of peak early diastolic filling velocity to peak filling velocity at atrial contract |
| EBCT | electron beam computed tomography |
| EC | endocardium |
| ECA | external carotid artery |
| ECD | endocardial cushion defect |
| ECG | electrocardiogram |
| ED | end diastole |
| EDD | end-diastolic dimension |
| EDVI | end-diastolic volume |
| EDVI | end-diastolic volume index |
| EF | ejection fraction |
| EFE | endocardial fibroelastosis |
| EKG | electrocardiogram |
| EMB | endomyocardial biopsy |
| EMD | electromechanical delay |
| EMD | electromechanical dissociation |
| EMF | electromagnetic flow |
| ENDO | endocardium |
| EP | electrophysiology |
| EPI | epicardial |
| EPI | epinephrine |
| EPS | electrophysiological study |
| ERP | effective refractory period |
| ES | end systole |
| ESD | end-systolic dimension |
| ESP | end-systolic pressure |
| ESPVR | end-systolic pressure-volume relation |
| ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| ESV | end-systolic volume |
| ESVI | end-systolic volume index |
| ET | endothelin |
| ETT | exercise treadmill test |
| FFA | free fatty acids |
| FN | false-negative |
| FO | fossa ovalis |
| FP | false-positive |
| FR | frame rate |
| FS | fractional shortening |
| FW | free wall |
| GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
| GTN | nitroglycerin |
| Hb | hemoglobin |
| HBE | His-bundle electrogram |
| HCT | hematocrit |
| HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
| HF | heart failure |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| HLA | human leukocyte antigen |
| HLHS | hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
| HR | heart rate |
| HT | heart transplantation |
| HTN | hypertension |
| IAA | interruption of the aortic arch |
| IAS | interatrial septum |
| IB | integrated backscatter |
| IC | intracoronary |
| ICA | internal carotid artery |
| ICD | implantable cardioverter-defibrillator |
| ICM | idiopathic cardiomyopathy |
| ICM | ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy |
| ICU | intensive care unit |
| IH | intimal hyperplasia |
| IHD | ischemic heart disease |
| IHR | intrinsic heart rate |
| IL | interleukin |
| IMT | intimal medial thickness |
| ISDN | isosorbide dinitrate |
| IT | intimal thickening |
| IV | intravenous |
| IVC | inferior vena cava |
| IVRT | isovolumic relaxation time |
| IVS | interventricular septum |
| IVST | interventricular septum thickness |
| IVSth | thickness of interventricular septum |
| IVUS | intravascular ultrasound |
| LA | left atrium |
| LAA | left atrial appendage |
| LAD | left anterior descending coronary artery |
| LAD | left atrial dimension |
| LAO | left anterior oblique |
| LBBB | left bundle branch block |
| LCx | left circumflex |
| LDH | lactate dehydrogenase |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| LIMA | left internal mammary artery |
| LLPV | left lower pulmonary vein |
| LMCA | left main coronary artery |
| LP | late potential |
| LP | lipoprotein |
| LSVC | left superior vena cava |
| LTGA | L-transposition of the great arteries |
| LV | left ventricule |
| LVDD | left ventricular diameter at end diastole |
| LVDd | left ventricular end-diastolic dimension |
| LVDd | left ventricular internal dimension in diastole |
| LVDS | left ventricular diameter at end systole |
| LVDs | left ventricular internal dimension in systole |
| LVEDD | left ventricular end-diastolic diameter |
| LVEDP | left ventricular end-diastolic pressure |
| LVEDV | left ventricular end-diastolic volume |
| LVEDVI | left ventricular end-diastolic volume index |
| LVEF | left ventricular ejection fraction |
| LVESD | left ventricular end-systolic diameter |
| LVESP | left ventricular end-systolic pressure |
| LVESV | left ventricular end-systolic volume |
| LVG | left ventriculography |
| LVH | left ventricular hypertrophy |
| LVH | LV hypertrophy |
| LVID | left ventricular internal dimension |
| LVID | LV internal dimension |
| LVM | left ventricular mass |
| LVMI | left ventricular mass index |
| LVOT | left ventricular outflow tract |
| LVPWth | left ventricular posterior wall thickness |
| LVPWth | thickness of left ventricular posterior wall |
| LVSD | left ventricular systolic dimension |
| LVSP | left ventricular systolic pressure |
| MA | mitral annulus |
| MA | mitral atresia |
| MAb | monoclonal antibody |
| MAP | mitral annuloplasty |
| MAP | monophasic action potential |
| MB | myocardial isoenzymes |
| Mb | myoglobin |
| MBF | myocardial blood flow |
| MBP | mean blood pressure |
| MET | metabolic equivalent |
| MF | myofibrils |
| MHC | myosin heavy chain |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| MLD | minimal luminal diameter |
| MPA | mean pulmonary arterial pressure |
| MPG | mean pressure gradient |
| MR | magnetic resonance |
| MR | mitral regurgitation |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| MS | mitral stenosis |
| MSNA | muscle sympathetic nerve activity |
| MSR | mitral stenosis and regurgitation |
| MV | mitral valve |
| MVA | mitral valve area |
| MVD | multivessel disease |
| MVo2 | myocardial oxygen consumption |
| MVP | mitral valve plasty |
| MVP | mitral valve prolapse |
| MVR | mitral valve replacement |
| MVT | monomorphic ventricular tachycardia |
| NADP | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| NE | norepinephrine |
| NHI | National Heart Institute |
| NHLBI | National Heart Lung and Blood Institute |
| NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| NL | normal |
| NO | nitric oxide |
| NQMI | non-Q-wave myocardial infarction |
| NS | not significant |
| NSVT | nonsustained ventricular tachycardia |
| NTG | nitroglycerin |
| NYHA | New York Heart Association heart failure classification |
| OAC | open aortic commissurotomy |
| OMC | open mitral commissurotomy |
| P-V | pressure-volume |
| PA | pulmonary artery |
| PA | pulmonary atresia |
| PAD | peripheral arterial disease |
| PAI | plasminogen activator inhibitor |
| PAP | pulmonary artery pressure |
| PAPA | papaverine |
| PAPVR | partially anomalous pulmonary venous return |
| PCL | pacing cycle length |
| PCNA | proliferating cell nuclear antigen |
| Pco2 | carborn dioxide pressure |
| Pco2 | partial pressure of carbon dioxide |
| PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
| PCWP | pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
| PDA | patent ductus arteriosus |
| PDA | posterior descending coronary artery |
| PDGF | platelet-derived growth factor |
| PE | pericardial effusion |
| PER | peak ejection rate |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| PFO | patent foramen ovale |
| PFR | peak filling rate |
| PG | prostaglandin |
| PH | pulmonary hypertension |
| PI | pulsatility index |
| PKC | protein kinase C |
| PLT | platelet |
| PM | pacemaker |
| PM | papillary muscles |
| PML | posterior mitral leaflet |
| PMN | polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
| PMV | percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy |
| Po2 | partial pressure of oxygen |
| PP | pulse pressure |
| PRA | plasma renin activity |
| PRP | platelet-rich plasma |
| PS | pulmonary stenosis |
| PSVT | Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia |
| PT | prothrombin time |
| PTCA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| Pts | patients |
| PTT | partial thromboplastin time |
| PV | pulmonary vein |
| PVC | premature ventricular contraction |
| PVR | pulmonary vascular resistance |
| PVT | polymorphic ventricular tachycardia |
| PWT | posterior LV wall thickness |
| PWV | pulse wave velocity |
| QALY | quality-adjusted life year |
| QMI | Q-wave myocardial infarction |
| QP/QS | pulmonary flow/systemic flow |
| RA | right atrium |
| RA | right atrium |
| RAA | right atrial appendage |
| RAD | right axis deviation |
| RAO | right anterior oblique |
| RAP | right atrial pressure |
| RAS | renin-angiotensin system |
| RBBB | right bundle-branch block |
| RCA | right coronary artery |
| RF | radiofrequency |
| RLPV | right lower pulmonary vein |
| ROI | region of interest |
| RPA | right pulmonary artery |
| RPP | rate-pressure product |
| RT-PCR | reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction |
| RV | right ventricule |
| RVEF | right ventricular ejection fraction |
| RVOT | right ventricular outflow tract |
| RWM | regional wall motion |
| SAECG | signal averaged ECG |
| SAH | S-adenosylhomocysteine |
| SAM | systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve |
| SBP | systolic blood pressure |
| SCF | stem cell factor |
| SD | standard deviation |
| SD | sudden death |
| SE | standard error |
| SHR | spontaneously hypertensive rat |
| SK | streptokinase |
| SLE | systemic lupus erythematosus |
| SMC | smooth muscle cell |
| SNP | sodium nitroprusside |
| SOM | somatostatin |
| SP | substance P |
| SPECT | single-photon emission computed tomography |
| SR | sinus rhythm |
| SSS | sick sinus syndrome |
| SV | left ventricular stroke volume |
| SV | stroke volume |
| SVAS | supravalvular aortic stenosis |
| SVC | superior vena cava |
| SVD | single-vessel disease |
| SVG | saphenous vein graft |
| SVI | stroke volume index |
| SVMR | supravalvar mitral ring |
| SVPB | supraventricular premature beat |
| SVR | systemic vascular resistance |
| SVT | supraventricular tachycardia |
| SVT | sustained ventricular tachycardia |
| SW | left ventricular stroke work |
| TA | tricuspid atresia |
| TA | truncus arteriosus |
| TAP | tricuspid annuloplasty |
| TAPVR | totally anomalous pulmonary venous return |
| TAT | thrombin-antithrombin complex |
| TBARS | thiobarbituric acid reactive substance |
| TC | total cholesterol |
| Tc | technetium |
| TCR | T-cell receptor |
| TEE | transesophageal echocardiography |
| TFA | trifluoroacetic acid |
| TG | triglyceride |
| TGA | transposition of the great arteries |
| TH | thrombus |
| TH | tyrosine hydroxylase |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
| TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
| TOF | tetralogy of Fallot |
| TPA | tissue plasminogen activator |
| TPR | total peripheral resistance |
| TR | tricuspid regurgitation |
| TT | treadmill test |
| TTC | triphenyltetrazolium chloride |
| TTE | transthoracic echocardiography |
| TV | tricuspid valve |
| TX | thromboxane |
| UAP | unstable angina pectoris |
| UK | urokinase |
| US | ultrasound |
| VA | ventricular arrhythmia |
| VA | ventriculoatrial |
| Vcf | velocity of circumferential fiber shortening |
| VF | ventricular fibrillation |
| VIP | vasoactive intestinal polypeptide |
| VLDL | very-low-density lipoprotein |
| VPB | ventricular premature beat |
| VPC | ventricular premature contraction |
| VPD | ventricular premature depolarization |
| VSD | ventricular septal defect |
| VT | ventricular tachycardia |
| WMA | wall motion abnormality |
| WPW | Wolff-Parkinson-White |
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